Without this de Broglie wave, each electron can be attracted to positive nuclei, until they stick to each other and its energy is unlimitedly lower ! Īn integer multiple of de Broglie wavelength means an electron can avoid destructive interference and be stable. Only Coulomb force is insufficient to explain why atomic energy levels are quantized, and why an electron doesn't fall into nucleus.īohr model succeeded in getting actual atomic energies, proposing each orbit is an integer times de Broglie wavelength, as well as Schrodinger's hydrogen. (Fig.4) Quantum orbit satisfies an integer times de Broglie wavelength. So the orbital numbers of " Ar" (= 3 × waveslength ), " Xe" (= 5 × waveslength ) remain the same as " Ne" and " Kr".Īn integer times de Broglie wavelength is needed The odd numbers of "3", "5", "7" orbits are asymmetrical and unstable. Radon (= Rn ) with 6 × de Broglie wavelength has the maximum " 8" orbits. Krypton (= Kr ) with 4 × de Broglie wavelength has the maximum " 6" orbits. The maxium number of orbits in Ne with 2 × de Broglie wavelength becomes " 4" (= each 2 electrons × 4 orbits = 8 valence electrons ). ![]() (Fig.3) Maximum numbers of orbits in noble gasesĪs shown on this page, de Broglie wavelength influences the number of maximum orbital number in the periodic table. So meaningless and useless.įor example, though magnesium and singly-ionized alminum have exactly the same valence electrons, their orbital orders are chaotic.ĭe Broglie "wavelength" determines the maximum orbits. They just choose fake trial functions giving their desired artificial values. Schrodinger equation has NO ablity to predict energy levels in multi-electron atoms. In one-electron hydrogen atom, energy levels are higher in larger quantum number ( 3s < 4d < 4f < 5d < 6s ).īut in other multi-electron atoms, their orders are reversed ( 4s < 3d, 6s < 4f < 5d ) ! Quantum mechanical orbital are self- contradictory in periodic table. (Fig.2) 4d and 3s, 6s and 4f orbitals are reversed in quantum mechanics !? In atoms just after noble (= inert ) gases, ionization energies suddenly drop, which indicates their electrons enter outer new different orbitals.įrom this change, we can know true numbers of valence electrons in each atom ( He = 2, Ne, Ar = 8, Kr, Xe = 18, Rn = 32 electrons ). How can we know how many valence (= outer ) electrons each atom has ? We should look at the periodicity of the first ionization energies of atoms. ![]() (Fig.1) ↓ Periodicity of ionization energies shows true valence electron number ![]() Top wave True numbers of atomic valence electrons What determines valence ( outer ) electron number ? Valence electron number
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